A Little Q&A on CRISPR Cows

While the majority of all our food has come from farms for hundreds of years, agricultural practices have changed over time, largely due to advances in farming technology. In more recent years, these developments have included the use of biotechnology techniques such as CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). We’ve explained previously that CRISPR is one of the bioengineering methods that can be used to alter the genetic information in the cells of living things—plants, fruits, vegetables, and more. That genetic information is contained in what we know as the fundamental building block of life—DNA. DNA can produce proteins that define what a living organism’s cells do or don’t do. To use an analogy from another type of technology, DNA acts in a way similar to how software controls the operation of a computer. Food science and related-field researchers all over the world have been using CRISPR to perform genetic alterations in cells in order to alter food characteristics in ways that support the reliability of our food system. As mentioned above, CRISPR has been primarily used so far to alter the cells of plants, fruits and veggies. However, we’ve recently learned of the work being done by researcher Alison Van Eenennaam, Ph.D., a professor at the University of California, Davis, who is using CRISPR on a new target: food-producing cows. To learn more about Dr. Eenennaam’s groundbreaking work, we asked her to field a few questions. Q: How is your research team using CRISPR technology? A: Gene editing is a technique that can be used to introduce useful genetic variations into [animal] breeding programs. It involves the use of enzymes that cut DNA at a specific sequence (site-specific nucleases, e.g. CRISPR-Cas9), thereby introducing a break into the DNA at a targeted location. Depending upon how that break is […]

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The Basics of the Volumetrics Diet

The Volumetrics diet was developed by Dr. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Penn State University, with the intention of creating a dietary approach that emphasizes healthy eating patterns rather than a structured, restrictive diet. The Volumetrics series of books is centered around dietary “energy density” and “nutrient density.” Foods with high energy density have a higher calorie content in a given portion, while those with low energy density have fewer calories per portion. Similarly, foods that are nutrient-dense provide high levels of nutrients relative to the calories they contain, often having little or no saturated fat, sodium or added sugars. The Volumetrics diet emphasizes eating low-energy-dense, high-nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy. Conversely, high-energy-dense foods, such as those with a high proportion of unhealthy fats or sugar and little moisture, are recommended to be limited. The idea is that by focusing on eating foods that are lower in calories and higher in water and important nutrients like fiber, the body will feel satisfied while still losing weight. Guidelines for the Volumetrics diet Instead of singling out specific foods or food groups to avoid, the Volumetrics philosophy is more about what to eat. Foods are divided into four groups based on their energy density that help with meal planning and portion control. Group 1: Foods including non-starchy fruits and vegetables, nonfat milk and broth-based soups Group 2: Foods including starchy fruits and vegetables, grains, breakfast cereal, low-fat meat, legumes and low-fat mixed dishes Group 3: Foods including meat, cheese, pizza, French fries, salad dressing, bread, pretzels, ice cream and cake Group 4: Foods including crackers, chips, chocolate candies, cookies, nuts, butter and oil Foods contained within Group 1 are very low in energy density and are considered “free” foods to eat any time. The energy density […]

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What Is Baby-Led Weaning?

Highlights The basics Weaning is the time when infants transition from breastfeeding or infant formula to solid foods. The process is not immediate, but incremental. It’s an important time in the development of a baby’s food preferences and impacts a baby’s eating behaviors and body weight. Traditional weaning involves introducing solid foods to babies via spoon-feeding. In recent years, an alternative approach to introducing complementary foods has gained popularity: baby-led weaning (BLW). The baby-led method was first coined by Gill Rapley in 2005. It’s a type of weaning that involves a baby being offered solid foods for self-feeding, with no help from an adult. This style of infant feeding is meant to encourage self-regulation and simpler feeding experiences due to the baby eating with the family instead of separately. How does it work? In traditional weaning, babies are spoon-fed purees or mashes and are eventually offered the same foods as the family. With baby-led weaning, parents offer baby-sized pieces of whatever the family is eating from the start. With baby-led weaning, parents oversee what foods to offer as well as when and in what form they will be presented. Babies then choose from the parents’ food offerings and decide how much and how quickly to eat. More simply: Baby-led weaning relies on a baby’s innate ability to respond to cues for hunger and satiety and is thought to promote healthy weight gain. However, some health professionals are concerned that baby-led weaning increases the risk of choking and may not provide adequate nutrients to a growing baby. Let’s look at what the evidence says about this alternative feeding approach and whether it might be something worth trying. What does the evidence say? One systematic review critically examined the current evidence about the baby-led weaning approach and assessed whether or not it […]

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet

Download the Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet here It is well-established that dietary fats are an important part of a healthy and balanced diet. They add flavor and texture to foods and at the same time can be a source of health-promoting, vital nutrients. Of particular interest is a subgroup of dietary fats known as omega-3 fatty acids. These fats gained the attention of researchers in the late 1970s during observational studies of Greenland Inuits. The low occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Inuits was attributed to their traditional diet, which is rich in marine animals and fish.¹ Other population studies have also shown that cultures with high fish consumption, such as Japan, have similarly low rates of CHD mortality.² Discoveries like these jumpstarted a massive body of research on omega-3 fatty acids and their effects on human health. This fact sheet covers the current state of the science on these important compounds, as well as dietary recommendations and food sources of omega-3 fatty acids. What Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids? Understanding the role of omega-3 fatty acids in human health begins with knowledge of the chemical makeup of fatty acids, which are distinguished based on the number of unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have more than one cis double bond in their carbon chain. Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are a type of PUFA. These omega-3 fatty acids contain their first double bond on the third carbon molecule from the methyl (or omega) end of the fatty acid’s carbon chain.³ The naming of each fatty acid provides information regarding its chemical structure. As an example, DHA has a structure of 22:6n-3. The first part of the name (22:6) indicates that DHA […]

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Understanding How Animal Protein Production Is Regulated

As kids growing up, many of us were often given a message along the lines of, “Be sure to eat your protein—it’s good for your muscles!” For sure, dietary protein is an essential nutrient for maintaining muscle strength, bone health and blood sugar control. As part of appreciating the plethora of protein choices available to many of us as we seek to build healthy meals, let’s take a look at the farming practices and regulations that support the production of animal protein in our food system. It all starts on the farm Shelter, food and medical care are three top areas farmers focus on as they seek to care for the animals that make up our food system. These three areas are subject to regulatory oversight that creates standards for safe and reliable animal protein production. To help ensure farm animals are fed a healthy diet, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) upholds the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. The FDA must approve animal feed that is given to farm animals similarly to how the agency oversees the safety of human food. According to the agency, FDA regulators work to certify that all animal feed displays the following core characteristics: purity, wholesomeness, produced under clean conditions, free of harmful substances, and labeled appropriately and truthfully. Additionally, animal feed regulation is supported by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO). AAFCO, formed in 1909, comprises state and federal feed regulators who oversee the approval process for feed ingredients. In addition to being well-fed, animals must also receive medical attention to prevent and treat illnesses. For more than 50 years, veterinarians and producers have administered antibiotics to animals being raised for meat—primarily to poultry, swine, and cattle. For each newly proposed drug to become part of the animal-care toolbox, […]

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Earth Day: How You Can Help

Happy Earth Day! Each year’s celebration of this important day reminds us of all the ways we can help the environment every day in our own homes. In particular, recycling (and otherwise re-using packaging) can be hugely beneficial to our planet. Some of the most common recyclable packaging is food and beverage packaging. This kind of packaging typically is durable, strong, protective, and plays a role in the safety, convenience, and efficiency of our food supply. It acts to block light and protect nutrients in our food and beverage products—keeping quality consistent throughout a product’s shelf life. Because these packages help provide food protection and safety, both consumers and consumer-goods companies are adopting practices to promote packaging that is even more efficient—as well as boost recycling and reuse rates. Ninety-four percent of U.S. residents living in communities with a population of more than 125,000 have recycling programs available to them, but our individual knowledge of what can and cannot be recycled, and how we can be more mindful about recycling practices, can go a long way in improving national recycling rates. For example, in addition to participating in recycling programs, the careful reuse of certain types of packaging in the home is one major way to minimize packaging waste. For food safety reasons, not all food and beverage containers are designed to be reused, but many are—see below for tips. In addition to our personal efforts, various companies are repurposing packaging waste to make products such as clothing, shoes, and other consumer goods. For example, many conservation-minded companies and organizations are recovering incorrectly discarded ocean plastics to make new products such as furniture, sunglasses, luggage and car parts—all while working to discourage marine littering. Revving up to recycle Every home across the country likely has recyclable packages lurking about—often including […]

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What Is the Volumetrics Diet?

The Volumetrics diet was developed by Dr. Barbara Rolls, a nutrition professor at Penn State University, with the intention of creating a dietary approach that emphasizes healthy eating patterns rather than a structured, restrictive diet. The Volumetrics series of books is centered around dietary “energy density” and “nutrient density.” Foods with high energy density have a higher calorie content in a given portion, while those with low energy density have fewer calories per portion. Similarly, foods that are nutrient-dense provide high levels of nutrients relative to the calories they contain, often having little or no saturated fat, sodium or added sugars. The Volumetrics diet emphasizes eating low-energy-dense, high-nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low-fat dairy. Conversely, high-energy-dense foods, such as those with a high proportion of unhealthy fats or sugar and little moisture, are recommended to be limited. The idea is that by focusing on eating foods that are lower in calories and higher in water and important nutrients like fiber, the body will feel satisfied while still losing weight. Guidelines for the Volumetrics diet Instead of singling out specific foods or food groups to avoid, the Volumetrics philosophy is more about what to eat. Foods are divided into four groups based on their energy density that help with meal planning and portion control. Group 1: Foods including non-starchy fruits and vegetables, nonfat milk and broth-based soups Group 2: Foods including starchy fruits and vegetables, grains, breakfast cereal, low-fat meat, legumes and low-fat mixed dishes Group 3: Foods including meat, cheese, pizza, French fries, salad dressing, bread, pretzels, ice cream and cake Group 4: Foods including crackers, chips, chocolate candies, cookies, nuts, butter and oil Foods contained within Group 1 are very low in energy density and are considered “free” foods to eat any time. The energy density increases […]

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Snack Production Series: Crackers

Crackers are a popular snack for all ages—and can be found in many households as a quick go-to for everyday eating. And while they may not be the first food that comes to mind when you think of “healthy,” crackers—especially whole-grain crackers—can be part of a nutritious eating pattern and a staple of mindful snacking routines. Some typical cracker ingredients include flour, baking soda and/or yeast, and oil-based shortening, but a wealth of different varieties with different flavors and ingredients are on the market—including gluten-free crackers (which must not contain wheat, rye, barley, triticale, or related types of grains). But when we enjoy our favorite crackers as part of a satisfying snack, do we think much about how crackers are made, and what processes are part of providing their key characteristics—like their nutrition, shelf-stability, and texture? Read on if you’re curious about cracker creation! Enrichment and Fortification Enrichment and fortification are common aspects of food production and processing that are designed to add nutrients to a food. Enrichment typically refers to adding nutrients that have been lost during food handling, processing, or storage back to that food. Fortification, in contrast, generally refers to foods that have had nutrients added to them that are not naturally occurring in that food (like the iodine that is commonly added to salt). Fortification has historically been used to help correct widespread dietary insufficiencies recognized by the scientific community (thus improving the balance of nutrients in consumers’ diets). One of the most widely publicized fortifications of food has been the fortification of several types of flours—including those found in many crackers—and breakfast cereals, which have been fortified with folic acid since 1998 following overwhelming evidence that sufficient folic acid consumption is linked to better health outcomes in pregnant women and children. Unlike fortified foods, many […]

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