What is Calcium?

Highlights The basics of calcium Calcium is the most abundant mineral found in our bodies and performs many vital roles. It is necessary for bone health, cardiovascular and muscle function, and nervous system signaling. Calcium also acts as a coenzyme for many metabolic processes in the body. Calcium is often most closely associated with the skeletal system, as it is critical for developing and maintaining bone structure and function. Ninety-nine percent of all the calcium in our body is stored within our bones, which act as a reservoir for calcium, releasing more of the mineral when it is needed. Only one percent of body calcium is found outside of the skeletal system; this amount is regulated and kept consistent by the body and does not fluctuate with changes in calcium intake. Our bodies are unable to produce calcium on their own, so we need to obtain the additional calcium our bodies need through our diets. Calcium-rich food sources include dairy products, green cruciferous vegetables and fortified foods such as juices and cereals. Calcium is also available as a dietary supplement. Vitamin D plays a significant role in absorbing calcium from the gastrointestinal tract, so it is important to have adequate amounts of both nutrients to support optimal health. Calcium and health Bone Health One of the most important roles of calcium is assisting with bone development, growth, maintenance and overall structure. Peak bone mass is achieved around the age of 30, at which point bone density is gradually lost due to a continued need for stored calcium for body functions. People who do not consume an adequate amount of calcium before they reach their peak bone mass are at a higher risk of later developing osteoporosis—a disease characterized by low bone density and quality—due to smaller calcium reserves. There are […]

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Vitamin D and Calcium: A Winning Combo

You have probably heard that calcium plays a key role in keeping your bones strong. But did you know that in order to maximize your calcium absorption and function you also need vitamin D? Yup, it’s true! Most of the calcium you eat in food is in its inactive form and needs to be converted to an active form for calcium to actually do its “thang.” That’s where vitamin D comes in. Vitamin D helps convert calcium into its active form. While vitamin D is the most common name of this particular vitamin, it can also be listed as calcifediol, cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, vitamin D2, and vitamin D3. Regardless if it’s ergocalciferol or calcifediol, it’s still vitamin D. Do these micronutrients have any other health benefits? In addition to playing key roles in bone health, vitamin D has been shown to support a healthy digestive system, as well as to promote basic metabolic functions in the body. Calcium also has other health benefits beyond supporting bone health. An important mineral for oral health, calcium promotes tooth and gum health. Additionally, calcium is key for proper nerve signaling and muscle function. How much calcium should I aim for, and what foods should I focus on? Foods rich in calcium can be found in vegetables such as broccoli and kale; fortified foods such as breakfast cereals, juices, and soy foods; and dairy foods such as cheese, milk, and yogurt. To help you better understand how much calcium you should be getting and how much of it is in certain foods, see the tables below. Calcium recommendations (based on age and/or lifestyle) mg/day Source: Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, 2010. Infants 0 to 6 months 200 Infants 6 to 12 months 260 1 to 3 years old 700 4 to 8 […]

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One of Our Food System’s Helping Hands: GMOs

Many of us have heard the term “GMOs,” but how many of us know what they are as well as their benefits to the food supply and the environment? GMO (genetically modified organism) technology uses specific scientific innovation to genetically alter plants and promote desired characteristics. For example, these characteristics can help fruits and vegetables grow better under environmental stresses like drought, ward off crop diseases and pests and even forgo browning in fruits once they are sliced. This technology also decreases food waste, gives multiple populations reliable and nutritious food options and helps farmers use less pesticides and grow crops even more efficiently. In fact, this technology has been used for over 20 years and has been scientifically been proven to be a safe and effective way to support agriculture. While these scientific advances are in their 20s, the idea of cultivating crops with more desirable characteristics is thousands of years old. Farmers have been breeding plants together for millennia in order to get them to prime edible states. You should have seen kale, watermelons, carrots or bananas 10,000 years ago! They weren’t the big, beautiful, fleshy, juicy fruits and vegetables we have today. Here are some helping hand highlights, showcasing how GMOs are improving our food system: Helping Farmers and Saving Natural Resources GMO crops have significantly increased crop yields and simultaneously decreased pesticide use. By doing these two things combined, we are producing more food with less inputs. Decreased use of pesticides, means less pesticide production demand and also less energy use on the farmers’ end, too. Genetic characteristics in fruits and vegetables, such as insect- and disease-resistance, can also help farmers use less pesticides. But, in instances where pesticides won’t eliminate the presence of a pest, a genetic modification can make a crop resistant to the […]

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Meat and Other Novel Food Allergies

We likely all know someone allergic to peanuts, eggs, almonds or some of the other Big Eight allergens. But meat? That’s a new one. A meat allergy isn’t the only unique allergy you might run across. Cases of anaphylaxis to spices, celery, bananas and many other foods have also been reported in the past several years. Although these allergies affect a relatively small proportion of the population, they are still important to be aware of. First, let’s review allergies Before we dive into these novel food allergies, let’s recap the difference between an allergy and an intolerance. A food allergy is an immune-mediated response to a substance in foods and can be life-threatening. The immune system releases immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to what it thinks is an invader, such as protein from peanuts or even peanut butter. On the flip side, an intolerance affects the digestive system and usually causes an upset stomach, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, but is typically not life-threatening. Some symptoms might overlap, which for many, can be confusing to know whether it’s a true food allergy or an intolerance. It’s important to remember that only a board-certified allergist can truly diagnose an allergy. We’ll be discussing allergies here, but an intolerance to any of these foods is also possible. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently recognizes eight major allergens (the “Big Eight”) which are responsible for ~90% of allergic reactions in the U.S.: milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat and soybeans. FDA enforces the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA) which regulates labeling of these major allergens. According to FALCPA, a food that contains any of these allergens as an ingredient must be labeled on the packaging. FDA also recognizes that more than 160 foods can and do […]

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Is It Safe To Follow a Vegan Diet While Pregnant?

Vegan diets exclude all animal products and emphasize nutrient-dense plant foods like legumes, whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Well-planned vegan diets rich in plant-based foods can be beneficial to health. However, by excluding animal-based foods, following a vegan diet can make it more difficult to get the recommended amount of some nutrients. As nutrient needs are higher during pregnancy, some may wonder if it’s safe for pregnant women to follow a vegan diet. This article summarizes the potential health benefits and specific nutrients to focus on if you’re following a vegan diet while pregnant. Health Benefits Vegan diets can offer a variety of health benefits. They tend to be rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes and whole grains (and many of these foods are rich in fiber and antioxidants), which is one reason why vegan diets have been associated with positive health outcomes, such as lower LDL cholesterol, improved blood glucose levels (in people with type 2 diabetes) and lower blood pressure. During pregnancy, eating patterns that are higher in fiber, as vegan diets tend to be, are associated with a decreased risk of developing gestational diabetes. Some research shows that pregnant women following a vegan diet may have a lower risk of cesarean section (C-section) delivery, maternal or infant mortality, and postpartum depression. The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics has issued an official position supporting the healthfulness of appropriately planned vegan diets during pregnancy while noting the importance of obtaining certain key nutrients (which vegan diets can often lack) through supplementation and fortified foods. Let’s review the specific nutrients, food sources and potential supplements to be aware of if following a vegan diet while pregnant. Special Nutrients of Interest Vitamin B-12 Vitamin B-12 is important for making DNA and in keeping our nerves and blood cells healthy, in addition to […]

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Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet

Download the Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet here It is well-established that dietary fats are an important part of a healthy and balanced diet. They add flavor and texture to foods and at the same time can be a source of health-promoting, vital nutrients. Of particular interest is a subgroup of dietary fats known as omega-3 fatty acids. These fats gained the attention of researchers in the late 1970s during observational studies of Greenland Inuits. The low occurrence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Inuits was attributed to their traditional diet, which is rich in marine animals and fish.¹ Other population studies have also shown that cultures with high fish consumption, such as Japan, have similarly low rates of CHD mortality.² Discoveries like these jumpstarted a massive body of research on omega-3 fatty acids and their effects on human health. This fact sheet covers the current state of the science on these important compounds, as well as dietary recommendations and food sources of omega-3 fatty acids. What Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids? Understanding the role of omega-3 fatty acids in human health begins with knowledge of the chemical makeup of fatty acids, which are distinguished based on the number of unsaturated bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have more than one cis double bond in their carbon chain. Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are a type of PUFA. These omega-3 fatty acids contain their first double bond on the third carbon molecule from the methyl (or omega) end of the fatty acid’s carbon chain.³ The naming of each fatty acid provides information regarding its chemical structure. As an example, DHA has a structure of 22:6n-3. The first part of the name (22:6) indicates that DHA […]

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Labeling That Saves Lives: Understanding FALCPA

There’s nothing easy about living with food allergies. Having one or multiple food allergies can make grocery shopping, grab-n-go snacks, and casual lunch dates tricky if not confusing and frustrating — especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, when, according to IFIC consumer data, “21% [of survey respondents] said that they were worried about their ability to provide enough food for their family.” Under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), the U.S. food regulatory system ensures that our food supply is safe from microbial, chemical and other potential risks. But what about allergen risk? How do you know if an allergen is in your favorite foods? Thanks to the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act (FALCPA), we can all rest a little easier and have confidence in our food choices, even with food allergies. What is FALCPA? FALCPA is the Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act. Congress passed FALCPA in 2006 as a way for consumers to easily recognize the presence of allergens in food. It makes grocery shopping a little less stressful in many ways because consumers can see which foods contain allergens and which do not. The law requires food companies to list—directly on food packages—each of the eight major food allergens they contain. This means that you can find any food containing milk, eggs, fish, crustacean shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, and soybeans clearly marked on packages. According to the FDA, “More than 160 foods have been identified to cause food allergies in sensitive individuals. However, the eight major food allergens identified by FALCPA account for over 90 percent of all documented food allergies in the U.S. and represent the foods most likely to result in severe or life-threatening reactions.” What about sesame? Sesame labeling is not required under FALCPA, even though more and more Americans are […]

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What Is Magnesium?

Highlights The Basics Magnesium is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, residing predominantly in our bones and soft tissue. It’s also naturally found in foods like seeds, nuts, leafy green vegetables, legumes, brown rice, and milk. Magnesium can be added to other food products through the process of fortification, and is also available in dietary supplement form. Additionally, magnesium is an ingredient in certain medications, such as antacids and laxatives. In the human body, magnesium plays a key role in hundreds of enzymatic reactions that regulate important biological processes, such as influencing muscle and nerve function, stabilizing blood sugar levels, and maintaining blood pressure. Magnesium is also important for the production of metabolic energy, the formation of bone and the synthesis of protein and DNA. Magnesium and Health Magnesium has been explored as a treatment or preventative measure for many health conditions— notably, for hypertension and cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, and migraines. Overall, while observational studies have demonstrated a lower risk of these conditions in people who consume higher amounts of fruits and vegetables, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have not demonstrated clear therapeutic benefits specific to magnesium (derived from either foods or supplements), especially in people who are generally healthy and consume a varied diet. In early 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced that it would allow a qualified health claim on packaged foods regarding magnesium consumption and the potential for reduced risk of hypertension. These health claims must be appropriately worded to avoid misleading consumers; for example, some suggested language advises that “[c]onsuming diets with adequate magnesium may reduce the risk of high blood pressure (hypertension). However, the FDA has concluded that the evidence is inconsistent and inconclusive.” Recommended Intakes The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine have set dietary reference intakes […]

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