A Brief History of Food Fortification in the U.S.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), food fortification is the practice of deliberately increasing the content of one or more micronutrients (i.e., vitamins and minerals) in a food or condiment to improve the nutritional quality of that food—thereby providing a public health benefit with minimal risk to individual health. But why would fortification be necessary? Over decades of research, fortification has been identified as one of the most cost-effective nutrition interventions available, particularly for low- and middle-income countries around the globe. In fact, the worldwide fortification of commonly consumed foods provides enhanced nutrient intake throughout the lifespan for populations that are at risk for widespread nutritional deficiencies. Even in wealthier countries, like the United States, fortification has led to positive health benefits for the entire population. In the U.S., micronutrient deficiency diseases like goiter, rickets, beriberi, and pellagra were once common health problems as recently as the 20th century. Thanks to systematic fortification within the U.S. food supply, these diseases have been virtually eliminated. Read on to learn more about the historical origins of food fortification in the U.S., as well as insights into fortification’s contributions to improved public health. But before we dive in, let’s define two food-related terms that are often used interchangeably but are slightly different: The 1920s: Iodine in Salt During the 1921 American Medical Association (AMA) convention, two Ohio doctors presented findings from their clinical trial demonstrating the effectiveness of sodium iodide treatments for the prevention of goiter in Akron schoolgirls. Prior to their study, research from Europe had also suggested an association between iodine deficiency and goiter (an enlarged thyroid gland). It was found that without iodine, the body could not properly make thyroid hormones, which often resulted in an unsightly neck goiter or, in more serious cases, neurocognitive impairments. Iodine deficiency generally occurs […]

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Trust At A Tipping Point: New Survey Reveals The Need For Clarity In Science Communication To Improve Public Health

(Washington, D.C.) — In an era where misinformation spreads rapidly, trust in food and nutrition science is critical for improving public health and helping Americans make informed, evidence-based decisions. Yet, according to the latest International Food Information Council (IFIC) Spotlight Survey: Americans’ Trust in Food & Nutrition Science, less than half of Americans strongly trust this science.  The survey, which examines knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about trust in science around food, nutrition, and diet, unveils that trust is faltering, and consumers are overwhelmed with shifting recommendations and sensational headlines.   “Unfortunately, trust in science has been waning for some time,” said IFIC President & CEO Wendy Reinhardt Kapsak, MS, RDN. “As a mission-driven organization, we aim to investigate the reasons behind this distrust, improve the clarity of science communication, and identify opportunities for communicators to restore that trust.”  Less Than Half Of Americans Strongly Trust Science About Food, Nutrition & Diet  The latest IFIC Spotlight Survey seeks to assess consumers’ levels of trust in scientific information and identify which sources they trust the most and the least. The research shows that trust is low, with less than half of Americans strongly trusting science related to food, nutrition, and/or diet (38%). Approximately 1 in 5 Americans (21%) say they are neither trusting nor distrusting, whereas approximately 1 in 10 (12%) say they are distrusting.   “There are plenty of reasons why consumers might be weary to trust,” Senior Director, Food & Nutrition, Milton Stokes, PhD, MPH, RD, FAND, said. “Misinformation on the internet is rampant, individual ideology can contradict expert advice, and most importantly, science is complex.”   Many Consumers Say Food & Nutrition Advice Is A Moving Target  One reason it can be challenging to trust food and nutrition science is the perception that recommendations keep shifting. Most consumers (79%) perceive that recommendations […]

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Healthful Tips for Ordering Groceries Online

Health-related activities are often the first to go when life picks up, and having the time to grocery shop for fresh, nutritious food is no exception. Fortunately, these days shopping for food is more convenient than ever—with online grocery services, all you need is the click of a button. Web-based shopping isn’t a new concept, but the popularity of online grocery ordering has skyrocketed in recent years in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. IFIC’s 2021 annual Food and Health Survey found that 42% of survey respondents shopped online for groceries, representing about a 56% increase from 2019. The survey also found that consumers ages 18–34, people who identify as African American or Black, and parents tend to grocery shop online more frequently than other groups. Although concerns about contracting coronavirus from grocery stores seem to have been an initial reason for the significant increase in online grocery purchases, this trend appears consistent over time. The Benefits of Online Grocery Shopping Convenience With 52% of Americans citing convenience as a top purchase driver, consumers can log into their account, select their items, and designate whether or not they want to pick their groceries up from the store or have them delivered for an additional fee. These options enable consumers to do their shopping from the comfort of their homes while also avoiding long grocery-store lines and stressful parking lots. Easier Budgeting With online grocery shopping, you can easily see the price of each item you select and watch the total cost increase as you build your grocery cart. You can also easily remove items before check-out to stay within your budget, whereas if you’re shopping in person it is more difficult to keep a tally before you reach the check-out line. All this said, it’s important to keep in mind that […]

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Cracking The Code: What Will It Really Take To Make America Eat Healthy?

Have you ever created a seemingly foolproof plan to execute—only to watch it unfold far differently than you expected? As food and nutrition professionals, this is a challenge that many of us face as we work to communicate evidence-based plans and strategies to help consumers advance their goals and improve their health. The overall evidence supporting the basics of a healthy diet pattern is, in many respects, strong. Sure, questions remain. Do individual differences affect how macronutrients impact health? How do tens of thousands of phytonutrients function in the body? There are countless unknowns, and it will take generations to uncover them. Still, the most pressing questions—the ones with immediate, weighty implications—center on how we can effectively enable consumers to initiate, adopt, and sustain healthier eating patterns. Make no mistake, the stakes are rising alongside the increasing rates of overweight, obesity, and chronic diseases. Good nutrition can help mitigate these conditions. Perhaps Charles Duhigg, award-winning journalist and author of The Power of Habit said it best: “The gap between knowing and doing is where most of our food struggles live.” Improving Consumer Communication Through Research One of the keys to helping consumers eat healthier lies in what insights we can gather from consumers directly. This is one of IFIC’s greatest strengths—our relentless pursuit to be a “consumer whisperer” through our research and consumer insights platform. Specifically, we are interested in: Through the annual IFIC Food & Health Survey, monthly IFIC Spotlight Surveys, and a range of research initiatives, IFIC uncovers the beliefs, intentions, and behaviors that shape consumer food and beverage decisions. The IFIC Spotlight Survey: Americans’ Perceptions & Priorities on Healthy Eating offers key insights to understand consumers’ food and health struggles. Understanding Americans’ Top Food & Nutrition Priorities In the Stages of Change Model, pre-contemplation progresses to contemplation, […]

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Americans Grade Themselves Better Than Average For Diet Healthfulness  

New Research Reveals Rising Awareness Of Dietary Guidance, Label Information & Ultraprocessed Foods  (Washington, D.C.) — Americans are paying closer attention to what’s on their plates and demonstrate greater awareness of dietary guidance, label information, and ultraprocessed foods. In fact, according to the 2025 International Food Information Council (IFIC) Food & Health Survey, Americans grade their personal diets higher than the average Americans’ diet.  “With the upcoming release of the MAHA Commission Strategy Report and the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, food, nutrition and health are poised to take center stage in the national dialogue,” said IFIC President & CEO Wendy Reinhardt Kapsak, MS, RDN. “Before diving into these critical conversations, we must first listen to the consumer: How do they perceive their own eating habits, and how do those perceptions measure up against national recommendations?”  In 2025, 64% of Americans graded their own diet as a B– or better, while only 24% gave the same grade to the average American’s diet. While the grade given to their personal diets has not significantly changed since Americans were last to examine their diets in 2013, there is improvement in the grade given to the average American diet—up 11 percentage points since 2013.   “When we look at the research results, it echoes what we found more than a decade ago—that people perceive their own diets to be healthier than that of the average American. While this trend continues, we also see that Americans see improvement in the diets of their fellow Americans,” said Kris Sollid, RD, IFIC Senior Director of Consumer Insights & Research.   Dietary Guidance Reaches More Americans  Awareness of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) continues to grow. In 2025, 44% said they know at least a fair amount about the DGA, nearly double the share from 2009. […]

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Transglutaminase: Safety, Function and Benefit to Our Food Supply

With the rise and fall of nutritional trends, scary news about new food ingredients, and rediscoveries of traditionally used ingredients, some common parts of our food supply often fall in and out of public scrutiny. One such ingredient is Transglutaminase (TG), a naturally occurring enzyme used to develop flavors and enhance texture in food. Unfortunately, its nickname (“meat glue”) does nothing to accurately describe its safety, function and benefit to the consumer.  Today, we will correct a few inaccuracies and share some science to debunk several myths and misperceptions associated with the use of Transglutaminase in our food supply.  First off, what is Transglutaminase (TG)?  TG is an enzyme that occurs naturally in plants, animals, and our bodies. The TG enzyme helps our bodies perform certain tasks such as building muscle, destroying toxins and breaking down food particles during digestion.  What are enzymes and how are they used in food?  In food, enzymes are used to develop flavors, colors and textures and to enhance the palatability of our favorite foods. Enzymes are critical in making cheese, brewing beer, baking bread and extracting fruit juice.  Other functions of the transglutaminase enzyme include:  What do chefs and culinary experts think of Transglutaminase?  While other safely and often used binders include egg whites or gelatin, the use of TG as a binder reflects the evolution of this practice by famous chefs and culinary experts and contributes to the creation of well-known and popular dishes. TG is mostly associated and used with meat, poultry, and seafood products. For example, it can be used to bind smaller cuts of meat together to make a larger cut, or it can be added to imitation crab or sausages to improve texture. It can even be found in bacon-wrapped beef filets that may be served at your favorite restaurant.   Is TG safe?  Yes. TG is safe to consume and has been classified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) for over 10 years.   The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has approved the use of TG in meat and poultry products. In addition, the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) has verified the safety of the enzyme for meat and poultry products that have been developed to reduce sodium or fat content.  To date, TG has proven to be a safe […]

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Fast Take: Do Ultraprocessed Foods Cause Weight Gain?

While the quantity and quality of processed foods in our diets continue to be a major focus in articles and discussions about diet, the role of ultraprocessed foods is now gaining more attention. A new study published in Cell Metabolism is bringing the topic of ultraprocessed back in the news­­. This time, researchers are examining the link among ultraprocessed foods, calorie intake and weight gain. You may have seen the headlines, but what about the findings? Let’s take a closer look. How Was the Study Done? This study was a randomized control trial (RCT) conducted on twenty healthy people (ten males and ten females). Study participants were between the ages of 18 and 50 (the average age was 31), had a body mass index (BMI) above 18.5 (the average BMI was 27) and had body weights that had remained stable during the six months prior to the study. For 28 days, the participants lived at the National Institutes of Health facility in Bethesda, Maryland, where all their daily food and drinks were provided for them. The study assessed participants’ food intake and the resulting changes in their body weights. Two diets were tested in the study: one consisting entirely of ultraprocessed foods and the other containing only unprocessed foods. The diets were equal in total calories, macronutrients (fat, carbohydrates and protein), sugars, sodium and fiber. To construct the meal plans, study authors used the NOVA classification system, which characterizes food processing in the following four groups: (1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods, (2) processed culinary ingredients, (3) processed foods, and (4) ultraprocessed foods. In other words, the “unprocessed” diet was put together with foods from group 1 and the “ultraprocessed” diet was made with foods from group 4. Randomly, ten people were assigned to begin with the ultraprocessed diet for […]

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2022 IFIC Food & Health Survey: What Is A Healthy Food?

We often hear about the importance of making healthy food choices, but how do Americans define a “healthy food”? And how much of an influence does healthfulness have when we decide what foods to buy and eat? IFIC’s 17th annual 2022 Food and Health Survey explored Americans’ perspectives and behaviors surrounding the term “healthy”—read on for the ways this concept impacts our food choices. The Influence of “Healthfulness” Over the past decade, the idea of “healthfulness” has consistently ranked as the third most influential purchase driver for foods and beverages, and this year was no exception. Sixty percent of survey respondents said that healthfulness had “somewhat” of or “a great” impact on their decision to buy foods and beverages, falling behind taste (80%) and price (68%). Subgroups that were more likely to say that healthfulness was impactful included Millennials (at 65%, versus 53% of Gen Zers and 56% of Boomers); those with an annual income of $75,000 or more (73%, versus 50% of those who earn less than $35,000 a year and 56% of those who earn between $35,000 and $74,000 a year); parents of children under 18 (71%, versus 54% of those who do not have children under 18); and those who buy groceries online more than once a month (67%, versus 51% of those who never buy online groceries). Definitions of Healthy Food Despite Americans’ consistent emphasis on healthfulness in their food choices, this year’s survey also makes clear that there is a great deal of variation in consumer definitions and perceptions of “healthy.” When survey respondents were asked to select up to five different attributes that define a healthy food, the most popular responses were “fresh” (with 37% selecting this), “low in sugar” (32%), and “good source of protein” (29%). These top choices were followed by “contains […]

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